-
[论坛] cpuview配套ARM工控板即将发板！2007-11-18
2007-11-18 15:24:04
CPUVIEW配套的32位嵌入式系统ARM核心工业控制板即将发布，此卡是一块可编程可扩展的多功能采集卡，插上不同的插件就是不同的采集卡，并且是可以自己重新编辑芯片里面的程序的采集卡，使用图形化CPU编程系统CPUVIEW系统点击几个按钮即可完成编程工作！2007-11-18
robot-mainboard.jpg
核心板1侧.jpg
核心板2侧.jpg.jpg
核心板+DIO板1.jpg
核心板+DIO板2.jpg.jpg
核心板+下载插件.jpg.jpg
下载插件.jpg -
cpuview最新面板
2007-11-08 18:37:15
-
一些好听的英文歌（转贴自百度知道）
2007-11-08 12:35:08
-
美国阿波罗登月关于UFO(转贴)
2007-10-28 23:31:25
转贴自：http://www.ufos-aliens.co.uk/cosmicphotos.html Apollo Moon Conversations and
Pictures Show NASA Cover-up
You may have read my Apollo hoax article elsewhere on this web site, where I believe that the Apollo footage that has been released by NASA seems to be a hoax. I have uncovered various pictures and transcripts of astronaut conversations from the Apollo missions that relate to encounters with UFOs, and perhaps this is one reason why NASA would release fake footage to the general public. The following are excerpts of conversations from Apollo Astronauts on the Moon to Mission Control - which show that the Astronauts came across some strange and hard-to-explain structures and unusual sightings of unidentified craft - whilst on the surface of the Moon.
In the photo to the right, you can see an Apollo astronaut stepping down onto the Moon. In the background, space, the final frontier. Or is it a Hollywood backdrop, the ultimate deception? Many people feel we have not been told the complete truth regarding NASA's space program, in particular the Apollo Missions of the late 60's and early 70's. Recent research has shown that conditions on the Moon could be very different from the 'official-line' which NASA would lead us to believe. Dr Farouk El Baz, one of NASA's foremost scientists, confirmed public suspicions when he stated 'not every discovery has been announced to the public'. Is this the understatement of the millennium?Why is it that relatively few people have been allowed total access to the massive NASA archives (photographs which are supposedly in the public domain). Instead we have to make do with the two or three dozen 'reproductions' that appear in the 'official' textbooks, despite literally millions of photographic images obtained by NASA. Something is seriously amiss. Also the original photographs are huge (32"x24") so by the time they have been reduced to fit the pages of a regular book the clarity and quality reduced by the copying process make most of the images pretty meaningless. In many cases, researchers are left with little more than 'smudges' and 'blurs'.
Even so, despite all these obstacles, there is still hard evidence when these photographs are scrutinized under the proverbial - and literal - microscope, that points to the fact that virtually everything NASA has told us about the moon is a lie.
The REAL NASA MOON PHOTOS, for example show all kinds of structures, seemingly both old and new, such as domes, pipelines, and even pyramids. So why aren't these photos in the public domain? You can see in several of NASA's film footage, the American flag 'flapping in the wind' and yet the Moon according to NASA has no atmosphere, because it is a vacuum! One film clearly shows a desperate astronaut trying his level best to hold the flag still!
We are also told that the famous Neil Armstrong 'footprints' will remain etched on the Moon's surface forever. We are told this precisely because the Moon's 'atmosphere' is a vacuum. The laws of physics demand that dust becomes hardened and will compress in a 'vacuum' therefore ensuring the 'footprints' remain undisturbed. And yet great plumes of dust can be seen spewing forth from underneath the 'Moon Buggy' as it travels across the lunar surface. Is this 'vacuum theory' some kind of wild hoax by NASA?
Another NASA cover-up are the small cloud formations that have been photographed above the Moon, again in a vacuum?. And while were on the subject of clouds what about the ONE HUNDRED MILE WIDE CLOUD OF VAPOR that was detected by NASA's own instruments. This embarrassing 'anomaly' was promptly dismissed by NASA scientists as being the result of the considerable volume of urine ejected by the Apollo Mission astronauts! What were they drinking?!
For decades strange 'lights' and artificial seeming structures have been observed and recorded on the Moon by amateur astronomers. Science writer Joseph Goodavage observed that over two hundred white 'dome shaped' structures had been seen and catalogued, only for them often to vanish and reappear somewhere else?. There are even colour photos from the Apollo 8 missions that clearly show evidence of green vegetation on the lunar hills.
These unusual findings, when added together with the anomalies which Richard Hoagland has shown to exist on Apollo Moon photographs, provide compelling evidence for an ongoing NASA cover-up of what the Apollo Astronauts really discovered on the Moon from 1969 to 1972.
The following Apollo Astronaut conversations were mostly taken from the out-of-print book "Our Mysterious Spaceship Moon" by Don Wilson (Dell, 1975):
Apollo 16 Mission: April 16 - 27, 1972
Charles Duke, Thomas Mattingly and John Young land in the Descartes highlands:Duke: These devices are unbelievable. I'm not taking a gnomon up there.
Young: O.K., but man, that's going to be a steep bridge to climb.
Duke: You got - YOWEE! Man - John, I tell you this is some sight here. Tony, the blocks in Buster are covered - the bottom is covered with blocks, five meters across. Besides the blocks seem to be in a preferred orientation, northeast to southwest. They go all the way up the wall on those two sides and on the other side you can only barely see the out-cropping at about 5 percent. Ninety percent of the bottom is covered with blocks that are 50 centimeters and larger.
Capcom: Good show. Sounds like a secondary ...
Duke: Right out here ... the blue one that I described from the lunar module window is colored because it is glass coated, but underneath the glass it is crystalline ... the same texture as the Genesis Rock ... Dead on my mark.
Young: Mark. It's open.
Duke: I can't believe it!
Young: And I put that beauty in dry!
Capcom: Dover. Dover. We'll start EVA-2 immediately.
Duke: You'd better send a couple more guys up here. They'll have to try (garble).
Capcom: Sounds familiar.
Duke: Boy, I tell you, these EMUs and PLSSs are really super- fantastic!
It is obvious that the astronauts are talking in code - meant to disguise what they are referring to. The big question is why the excited cries? Can this be *merely* due to the collecting of Moon rocks, as they would have us believe? Or did they find something much more substantial, which was not meant for public knowledge?Apollo 16: Describing Domes Duke: We felt it under our feet. It's a soft spot. Firmer. Where we stand, I tell you one thing. If this place had air, it'd sure be beautiful. It's beautiful with or without air. The scenery up on top of Stone Mountain, you'd have to be there to see this to believe it - those domes are incredible!
and Tunnels on the MoonMission Control: O.K., could you take a look at that smokey area there and see what you can see on the face?
Duke: Beyond the domes, the structure goes almost into the ravine that I described and one goes to the top. In the northeast wall of the ravine you can't see the delineation. To the northeast there are tunnels, to the north they are dipping east to about 30 degrees.
Apollo 17
Check out the following weird conversation that took place:
Mission Control: Go ahead, Ron
Evans: O.K., Robert, I guess the big thing I want to report from the back side is that I took another look at the - the - cloverleaf in Aitken with the binocs. And that southern dome (garble) to the east.
Mission Control: We copy that, Ron. Is there any difference in the color of the dome and the Mare Aitken there?
Evans: Yes there is... That Condor, Condorsey, or Condorecet or whatever you want to call it there. Condorecet Hotel is the one that has got the diamond shaped fill down in the uh - floor.
Mission Control: Robert. Understand. Condorcet Hotel.
Evans: Condor. Condorset. Alpha. They've either caught a landslide on it or it's got a - and it doesn't look like (garble) in the other side of the wall in the northwest side.
Mission Control: O.K., we copy that Northwest wall of Condorcet A.
Evans: The area is oval or elliptical in shape. Of course, the ellipse is toward the top.
Again we have another example of code being used to disguise what has been found. For example, "Condorset Hotel". Why the codes, if there are no secrets being discussed. Why not explain to the American people openly what is going on? After all, they have paid for the mission.
Wilson says in his book (p. 139): "Although NASA has always held that the findings of lunar and space expeditions have never been held secret, it is interesting to note that Dr. Farouk El Baz, one of NASA's foremost scientists, does admit 'not every discovery has been announced'."
Another strange Apollo 16
"ground-to-air" conversationDuke: No. Around the Alsep it was just in spots. At Plum it seemed to be everywhere. My predominant impression was that the white albedo was (garble) than the fine cover on top.
Capcom: O.K. Just a question for you, John. When you got halfway, or even thought it was halfway, we understand you looped around south, is that right?
Young: That is affirm. We came upon - Barbara.
Wilson writes (p.140): "Joseph H. Goodavage, whom included this conversation in a Saga magazine article, comments: "Barbara? That really needs some explanation, so I made an appointment with NASA geologist Farouk El Baz at National Aeronautics and Space Museum. Here's how part of our conversation went:
Saga: What do you suppose Young meant when he said they came upon "Barbara"?
El Baz:I can't really say. Code perhaps ...
Saga: But Barbara is an odd name for something on the Moon, isn't it?
El Baz: Yes, an enigma. As I suggested, perhaps a code, but I don't really know."
Apollo 17 conversation: DMP (lunar module pilot): What are you learning?
They find something startling, and are ordered to
immediately switch to code
Capcom: Hot spots on the Moon, Jack?DMP: Where are your big anomalies? Can you summarize them quickly?
Capcom: Jack, we'll get that for you on the next pass.
CMP (command module pilot): Hey, I can see a bright spot down there on the landing site where they might have blown off some of that halo stuff.
Capcom: Roger. Interesting. Very - go to KILO. KILO.
CMP: Hey, it's gray now and the number one extends.
Capcom: Roger. We got it. And we copy that it's all on the way down there. Go to KILO. KILO on that.
CMP: Mode is going to HM. Recorder is off. Lose a little communication there, huh? Okay, there's bravo. Bravo, select OMNI. Hey, you know you'll never believe it. I'm right over the edge of Orientale. I just looked down and saw the light flash again.
Capcom: Roger. Understand.
CMP: Right at the end of the rille.
Capcom: Any chances of - ?
CMP: That's on the east of Orientale.
Capcom: You don't suppose it could be Vostok? (a Russian probe).
Wilson writes (p. 141): "The Vostok flights took place in the early sixties and were *strictly Earth orbiters*. They never reached the Moon!"
Apollo 16: Another strange conversation: Wilson writes (p. 141): "While on the Moon, did any of our astronauts see any indication of alien handiwork, such as strange constructions, disturbances or the like? Consider this strange Apollo 16 conversation:"
Orion:Orion has landed. I can't see how fat the (garble) ... this is a blocked field we're in from the south ray - tremendous difference in the albedo. I just get the feeling that these rocks may have come from somewhere else. Everywhere we saw the ground, which is about the whole sunlit side, you had the same delineation the Apollo 15 photography showed on Hadley, Delta and Radley Mountains ...
Capcom: O.K. Go ahead.
Orion: I'm looking out here at Stone Mountain and it's got - it looks like somebody has been out there plowing across the side of it. The beaches - the benches - look like one sort of terrace after another, right up the side. They sort of follow the contour of it right around.
Capcom: Any difference in the terraces?
Orion: No, Tony. Not that I could tell form. here. These terraces could be raised but of (garble) or something like that ...
Casper: (Mattingly in lunar orbit overhead): Another strange sight over here. It looks - a flashing light - I think it's Annbell. Another crater here looks as though it's flooded except that this same material seems to run up on the outside. You can see a definite patch of this stuff that's run down inside. And that material lays or has been structured on top of it, but it lays on top of things that are outside and higher. It's a very strange operation.
Wilson writes (p.142): "And we might add that this is a very strange conversation. What are the real meanings of such terms used here as structure, blocked field, beaches, benches, terraces and the like? NASA claims that they are just metaphoric terms to describe unusual natural formations."
Strange Apollo 17 conversation about "Watermarks" on the Moon: Capcom: Roger, America, we're tracking you on the map here, watching it.LMP: O.K. Al Buruni has got variations on its floor. Variations in the lights and its albedo. It almost looks like a pattern as if the water were flowing up on a beach. Not in great areas, but in small areas around the southern side, and the part that looks like the water-washing pattern is a much lighter albedo, although I cannot see any real source of it. The texture, however, looks the same.
Capcom: America, Houston. We'd like you to hold off switching to OMNI Charlie until we can cue you on that.
DMP: Wilco.
LMP: Was there any indication on the seismometers on the impact about the time I saw a bright flash on the surface?
Capcom: Stand by. We'll check on that, Jack.
LMP: A UFO perhaps, don't worry about it. I thought somebody was looking at it. It could have been one of the other flashes of light.
Capcom: Roger. We copies the time and ...
LMP: I have the place marked.
Capcom: Pass it on to the back room.
LMP: O.K. I've marked it on the map, too.
Capcom: Jack, just some words from the back room for you. There may have been an impact at the time you called, but the Moon is still ringing from the impact of the S-IVB impact. So it would mask any other impact. So they may be able to strip it out at another time, but right now they don't see anything at the time you called.
LMP: Just my luck. Just looking at the southern edge of Grimaldi, Bob, and - that Graben is pre-Mare. Pre-Mare!
Capcom: O.K., I copy on that, Jack. And as long as we're talking about Grimaldi we'd like to have you brief Ron exactly on the location of that flashing light you saw ... We'll probably ask him to take a picture of it. Maybe during one of his solo periods. Notice that the Capcom reiterates that it was a *flashing* light. It was therefore *no* meteor impact that they were witnessing. Notice also that the Lunar Command Pilot specifically mentions the word "UFO".
Wilson writes (p. 60): "This last conversation makes it obvious that both our astronauts and NASA do not take these sightings of light or UFOs lightly. Maps were marked and photographs were taken at the sites of these occurrences."
While the Apollo 17 astronauts were discussing the "Watermarks", the sighting of the UFO occurred. The conversation then returns to the Watermarks.
DMP: O.K. 96:03. Now we're getting some clear - looks like pretty clear high watermarks on this -
CMP: There's high watermarks all over the place there.LMP: On the north part of Tranquillitatis. That's Maraldi there, isn't it? Are you sure we're 13 miles up?
Capcom: You're 14 to be exact, Ron.
LMP: I tell you there's some mare, ride or scarps that are very, very sinuous - just passing one. They not only cross the low planar areas but go right up the side of a crater in one place and a hill in another. It looks very much like a constructional ridge - a mare-like ridge that is clearly *as constructional as I would want to see it*."
Apollo 15
David Scott, Alfred Worden, James Irwin; went to the Appenine Mountains of the Moon, July 26 - Aug. 7, 1971. Conversation about discovering strange "tracks":Scott: Arrowhead really runs east to west.
Mission Control: Roger, we copy.
Irwin: Tracks here as we go down slope.
MC: Just follow the tracks, huh?
Irwin: Right we're (garble). We know that's a fairly good run. We're bearing 320, hitting range for 413 ... I can't get over those lineations, that layering on Mt. Hadley.
Scott: I can't either. That's really spectacular.
Irwin: They sure look beautiful.
Scott: Talk about organization!
Irwin: That's the most *organized structure I've ever seen*!
Scott: It's (garble) so uniform. in width.
Irwin: Nothing we've seen before this has shown such uniform. thickness from the top of the tracks to the bottom.
Wilson writes: (p. 145): "What are these tracks? Who made them? Where did they come from? Does NASA have an answer for the people?"
Another weird conversation about tracks
Made by Harrison Schmitt, a trained geologist and the only civilian ever to walk on the Moon (all the rest were military men, or as Hoagland would say - "good soldiers", who did what they were told).Schmidtt: I see tracks - running right up the wall of the crater.
Mission Control (Gene Cernan): Your photopath runs directly between Pierce and Pease. Pierce Brava, go to Bravo, Whiskey, Whiskey, Romeo.
Wilson writes (p. 145): "If this is not code, what is it? And why switch to the use of strange meaningless "code" words if NASA was not trying to cover up something startling, something that needed to be hidden from the public? In fact, science writer Joseph Goodavage maintains that "whenever something was discovered, the astronauts and CAPCOM apparently switched to a prearranged code, sometimes even on an alternate publicly unmonitorable channel.
NASA scientist Farouk El Baz admitted in a magazine interview that NASA did commit itself to a secretive search for various things on the Moon. 'We're looking for something - something ...' He admitted that 'a huge bridge-like structure in Mare Crisium has been reported ... That is all I can say about it.' When asked if 'that was a bridge - that you've actually found artificial structures or some kind of intelligently placed artifact?' El Baz quickly denied it.'No. No. I am not admitting such a thing. But when you start to think about it, almost anything is possible. There are almost no limits [to] how you can interpret the many things astronomers have been observing and reporting for several centuries. Now the astronauts are seeing many anomalies close up'."
Apollo 15: Capcom: You talked about something mysterious ...
Astronaut sees white objects flying byOrion: O.K., Gordy, when we pitched around, I'd like to tell you about something we saw around the LM (LEM or Lunar Excursion Module). When we were coming about 30 or 40 feet out, there were a lot of objects - white things - flying by. It looked as if they were being propelled or ejected, but I'm not convinced of that.
Capcom: We copy that Charlie.
Wilson writes (p. 54): "What could these mysterious flying objects have been? ... Can this be considered another UFO sighting? What did the astronaut mean when he reported that these peculiar 'white things' were *perhaps* 'being propelled or ejected'? And by whom?"
Apollo 11:
"I say that there were other spaceships!"
Apollo 11, with Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin Aldrin was the first Apollo flight to land on the Moon, on July 20, 1969. While Collins flew in orbit around the Moon in the command module, Armstrong and Aldrin descended in the lunar module, landing in the Sea of Tranquillity at 4:17 P.M.
According to hitherto un-confirmed reports, both Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin saw UFOs shortly after that historic landing on the Moon in Apollo 11 on 21 July 1969. I remember hearing one of the astronauts refer to a "light" in or on a crater during the television transmission, followed by a request from mission control for further information. Nothing more was heard.
The following astonishing conversation was picked up by ham radio operators that had their own VHF receiving facilities that bypassed NASA's broadcasting outlets. At this time, the live television broadcast was interrupted for two minutes due to a supposed "overheated camera", but the transmission below was received loud and clear by hundreds of ham radio operators:
According to Otto Binder, who was a member of the NASA space team, when the two moon-walkers, Aldrin and Armstrong were making their rounds some distance from the LEM, Armstrong clutched Aldrin's arm excitedly and exclaimed:
Armstrong: What was it? What the hell was it? That's all I want to know!"
Mission Control: What's there?... malfunction (garble) ... Mission Control calling Apollo 11 ...
Apollo 11: These babies were huge, sir!... Enormous!... Oh, God! You wouldn't believe it! ... I'm telling you there are other space-craft out there ... lined up on the far side of the crater edge! ... They're on the Moon watching us!
Wilson writes (p. 48): "Binder ends his report with this observation: 'There has, understandably, been no confirmation of this incredible report by NASA or any authorities. WE cannot vouch for its authenticity, but if true, one can surmise that mission control went into a dither and then into a huddle, after which they sternly [ordered] the moonwalkers to 'forget' what they saw and carry on casually and calmly as if nothing had happened. After all, an estimated 600 million people around the world were hanging on every word spoken by the first two men to leave footprints on the Moon."
The book "Celestial Raise" by Richard Watson and ASSK [P.O. Box 35 Mt. Shasta CA. 96067 (916)-926-2316); 1987; page 147-148] records the following (continuation?) of the above remarkable dialogue of Apollo 11, which was picked up by hundreds of ham radio operators in the USA:
"During the transmission of the Moon landing of Armstrong and Aldrin, who journeyed to the Moon in an American spaceship, two minutes of silence occurred in which the image and sound were interrupted. NASA insisted that this problem was the result of one of the television cameras which had overheated, thus interfering with the reception.
This unexpected problem surprised even the most qualified of viewers who were unable to explain how in such a costly project, one of the most essential elements could break down... Some time after the historic Moon landing, Christopher Craft, director of the base in Houston, made some surprising comments when he left NASA.
The contents of these comments, which is included in the conversations [below], has been corroborated by hundreds of amateur radio operators who had connected their stations to the same frequency through which the astronauts transmitted. During the two minute interruption - which was not as it seemed, NASA, Armstrong and Aldrin with Cape Kennedy, censored both image and sound. 'I say that there were other spaceships.'
Here is reproduced completely the dialogue between the American astronauts and Control Center:
Armstrong & Aldrin: Those are giant things. No, no, no - this is not an optical illusion. No one is going to believe this!
Houston (Christopher Craft): What ... what ... what? What the hell is happening? What's wrong with you?
Armstrong & Aldrin: They're here under the surface.
Houston: What's there? (muffled noise) Emission interrupted; interference control calling 'Apollo 11'.
Armstrong & Aldrin: We saw some visitors. They were here for a while, observing the instruments.
Houston: Repeat your last information!
Armstrong & Aldrin: I say that there were other spaceships. They're lined up in the other side of the crater!
Houston: Repeat, repeat!
Armstrong & Aldrin: Let us sound this orbita ... in 625 to 5 ... Automatic relay connected ... My hands are shaking so badly I can't do anything. Film it? God, if these damned cameras have picked up anything - what then?
Houston: Have you picked up anything?
Armstrong & Aldrin: I didn't have any film at hand. Three shots of the saucers or whatever they were that were ruining the film
Houston: Control, control here. Are you on your way? What is the uproar with the UFOs over?
Armstrong & Aldrin: They've landed here. There they are and they're watching us.
Houston: The mirrors, the mirrors - have you set them up?
Armstrong & Aldrin: Yes, they're in the right place. But whoever made those spaceships surely can come tomorrow and remove them. Over and out.
A certain professor, who wished to remain anonymous, was engaged in a discussion with Neil Armstrong during a NASA symposium.
Professor: What REALLY happened out there with Apollo 11?
Armstrong: It was incredible, of course we had always known there was a possibility - the fact is, we were warned off! There was never any question then of a space station or a moon city.
Professor: How do you mean "warned off"?
Armstrong: I can't go into details, except to say that their ships were far superior to ours both in size and technology - Boy, were they big!...and menacing! No, there is no question of a space station.
Professor: But NASA had other missions after Apollo 11?
Armstrong: Naturally - NASA was committed at that time, and couldn't risk panic on Earth. But it really was a quick scoop and back again.
According to a Dr. Vladimir Azhazha:
"Neil Armstrong relayed the message to Mission Control that two large, mysterious objects were watching them after having landed near the Moon module (LEM). But this message was never heard by the public - because NASA censored it."According to a Dr. Aleksandr Kasantsev, Buzz Aldrin took color movie film of the UFOs from inside the module, and continued filming them after he and Armstrong went outside.
Armstrong confirmed that the story was true but refused to go into further detail, beyond admitting that the CIA was behind the cover-up."
Cosmonaut Shadowed By Structured UFO In April of 1979, Cosmonaut Victor Afanasyev lifted off from Star City to dock with the Soviet Solyut 6 space station. But while en route, something strange happened. Cosmonaut Afanasyev saw an unidentified object turn toward his craft and begin tailing it through space."It followed us during half of our orbit. We observed it on the light side, and when we entered the shadow side, it disappeared completely. It was an engineering structure, made from some type of metal, approximately 40 meters long with inner hulls. The object was narrow here and wider here, and inside there were openings. Some places had projections like small wings. The object stayed very close to us. We photographed it, and our photos showed it to be 23 to 28 meters away."
In addition to photographing the UFO, Afanasyev continually reported back to Mission Control about the craft's size, its shape and position. When the cosmonaut returned to earth he was debriefed and told never to reveal what he knew, and had his cameras and film confiscated.
Those photos and his voice transmissions from space have never been released.
It is only now, with the collapse of the Soviet Union that Afanasyev feels that he can safely tell his story.
"It is still classified as a UFO because we have yet to identify the object."
During the late 60's and early 70's, NASA's Apollo Mission astronauts all experienced close encounters with 'unidentified space vehicles'. According to the first man on the Moon, Neil Armstrong, who took part in the Apollo 11 Mission, the reason why the US government changed their plans to build a 'Moon City' was because they were told to change those plans by unknown extraterrestrial voyagers... 'The fact is we were warned off' Armstrong told a NASA symposium. 'There was never any question then of a space station or Moon City.'
According to a former NASA employee Otto Binder, unnamed radio hams with their own VHF receiving facilities that bypassed NASA's broadcasting outlets picked up the following exchange:
'Buzz' Aldrin who was also with Armstrong on the Apollo 11 mission, was said to have taken colour film footage of alien craft, Armstrong later confirmed that this footage had indeed been shot by Aldrin, only to be confiscated by the CIA on their return to Earth. Fearing for his wellbeing, Armstrong refused to go in further details, except to confirm that the CIA were behind an extensive cover-up campaign regarding the US space program and consequent encounters with UFOs. In 1979, former chief of NASA Communications, Maurice Chatelain, confirmed that Armstrong and Aldrin had encountered UFOs on the Moon. To this day Chatelain vehemently protests the truth of their accounts.
In December 1965, Gemini astronauts James Lovell and Frank Borman also saw a UFO during their second orbit of their record-breaking 14 day flight. Borman reported that he saw an unidentified spacecraft some distance from their capsule. Gemini Control, at Cape Kennedy told him that he was seeing the final stage of their own Titan booster rocket. Borman confirmed that he could see the booster rocket all right, but that he could also see something completely different.
During James Lovell's flight on Gemini 7
Capcom:This is Houston. Say again 7.
Lovell: SAID WE HAVE A BOGEY AT
10 O'CLOCK HIGH.Capcom: Gemini 7, is that the booster or is that an actual sighting?
Lovell:WE HAVE SEVERAL...ACTUAL SIGHTINGS.
Capcom: ...Estimated distance or size?
Lovell: WE ALSO HAVE THE BOOSTER IN SIGHT...
'The encounter was common knowledge at NASA,' chatelain said. 'All Apollo and Gemini Flights were followed by space vehicles of extraterrestrail origin - or UFOs, if you prefer to call them that. Every time it occured, the astronauts informed Mission Control, who the ordered absolute silence'. He added 'I think Walter Schirra, aboard Mercury 8, was the first astronaut to use the code name 'Santa Claus' to indicate the presence of Ufos'. But it was James Lovell, on board the Apollo 8 Command Module, who came out from behind the Moon and said, for everybody to hear 'Please be informed that there is a Santa Claus!' Even though this happened on Christmas Day, 1968, many people sensed a hidden meaning in those words.'
Chatelain also published an article in 1995 that confirmed that not only did the Apollo Moon Mission encounter UFOs, but that they also found 'several mysterious geometric structures of unnatural origin on the Moon'.
Another former astronaut, Dr Brian O'Leary, who was speaking at a science conference in 1994 confirmed the cover-up. 'For nearly fifty years, the secrecy apparatus within the United States government has kept from the public UFO and alien information, we have contact with alien cultures'. He went on to say 'the suppression of UFO and other extraterrestrial intelligence information for at least forty-seven years, is probably being orchestrated by an elite band of men in the CIA,NSA,NSS,DIA and their like. This small group appears able to keep these already hard-to-believe secrets very well'.
Statements from various NASA sources, including Maurice Chatelain reveal that all astronauts are briefed and debriefed, before and after every mission, and are warned not to discuss their encounters in public. Rumours of astronauts being 'threatened, 'going mad', or even 'losing their lives' on their return to Earth, abound.
According to Sgt Major Robert Dean, who carried the highest security clearance there is while serving at SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe)
in the 1960's, the US intelligence community is in possession of a top-secret dossier entitled The Assessment, detailing the history of extraterrestrial visitation, and an assessment of their purposes for visiting our planet. For the past twenty years Sgt Major Dean had fought to make this information public knowledge.Former Nasa photographic technician, Donna Tietze said in an interview with a radio station in 1995 'The job of a co-worker in a restricted area was to airbrush out any anomalies found on the Moon photos'. The NASA Library is currently in possession of literally millions of photographs, plus an impressive catalogue of transmission tapes and videotapes documenting the presence of UFOs. The Clementine Probe alone sent back 1.6 million photographic images in 1994.
When President Dwight D. Eisenhower created NASA on October 1st, 1958, it was to 'coordinate national space activities' and to take 'full advantage of the military potential of space', and yet at the same time was to 'administer the civilian space program'.
NASA Astronaut Cooper denies seeing UFO in orbit - But Tells of His Dealings With Secret UFO Film
Pioneering astronaut L. Gordon Cooper denies being the first astronaut to see a UFO while in orbit, but stands by his reports of a strange encounter over Germany in the 1950s.Cooper flatly denied the long-standing claim, repeated over the years by various authors including UFOlogical saints J. Allen Hynek and Jacques Vallee, that he saw a greenish object with a red tail move past his Mercury 9 spacecraft in 1963.
"No, somebody made a lot of money selling lies on that one," Cooper, the sixth American in space, told Art Bell on the syndicated "Coast to Coast" talk radio show recently. "It was totally untrue, sorry to say." However, the retired air force colonel, who once lectured the United Nations on the reality of UFOs, still holds an "unshakable" belief in extraterrestrial intelligence, thanks largely to personal experience.
"On one occasion, I saw some strange vehicles that we assumed were UFOs," he told Bell.
In the encounter, which took place over Germany in the early 1950s, Cooper saw "flights of fighters flying by in the same sort of formation we flew, moving east to west." The U.S. Air Force base scrambled its own pilots, including Cooper, who remembers the objects as looking "just like saucers -- they were metallic looking, but we couldn't really get close enough to see more than that. You couldn't see any wings on them."
At the time, Cooper entertained the possibility that the craft might be a new Soviet design, but "looking back now," he suspects "it was some kind of extraterrestrial vehicle."
He also stood by his belief that he saw a UFO land at Edwards Air Force Base in California in 1957. Although Cooper had been filming the base with a camera crew at the time, the film, which he handed over to a high-ranking officer from Washington, has never emerged.
Area 51 and the lost Gemini photographs After another round of filming --- this time in orbit aboard Gemini 5 -- Cooper ran into trouble with the authorities when they confiscated film he took from space. However, in contrast to UFO legend, this film did not contain photographic proof of an alien encounter.Instead, he had ran afoul of the authorities for taking pictures of the "top secret" Nevada military base known familiarly as "Area 51"."I found out fairly recently that one of the reasons it got confiscated was I had inadvertently … overflown Area 51," while taking test photos, he said.
Cooper had no comment on the Great Face on Mars."That's one of the reasons you need to send a manned mission to Mars, to study that stuff closer," he told Bell, gently criticizing today's NASA and recent presidential administrations for lacking the "bravery" to buildon previous generations' space advances.
UPDATE In recently published memoirs "Leap of Faith: An Astronaut's Journey into the Unknown", by USAF Colonel L. Gordon Cooper (Ret.) recounts how he chased UFOs over Germany in his F-86. Following this experience, Cooper was very open minded about UFOs. He writes, "I knew an Air Force master sergeant assigned to a team that received an emergency call-out from Washington D.C., to the Pacific southwest (not Roswell.) He told me they reached a canyon and found a wreckage at the site. According to his friend -- and I had been around him enough to consider him a reliable guy -- a metallic disk-shaped object had crashed, and sitting atop the wreckage were two very human-looking fellows in flight suits, waving at them. They were hustled away, and the sergeant never found out who they were or what happened to them."As a captain stationed at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., on May 3, 1957, he became aware that a metallic, saucer-shaped craft had landed (silently) sometime after 8:00 a.m. on base property. He alleges that the event was filmed by a startled technical film crew on assignment 50 yards away, the craft zooming out of sight when the photographers tried to approach it for a better camera shot. Cooper writes that, upon learning of the incident, he telephoned appropriate Pentagon officials, who ordered him to have all the film developed (but not printed) and to ship it immediately to the Pentagon. He adds that, before complying, he chose to peek at some of the negatives, which confirmed the existence of the "saucer" as described to him by the film crew. Cooper notes that he heard nothing more about the film or the results of any investigation.After reading the above information, I must ask you this...
If NASA was formed as a 'civilian space agency', why were so many NASA programs funded by the US Defence Department?
Why were all astronauts subjected to US military security regulations?
Why were all video and photographic evidence screened by the National Security Agency?
Why were all the radio communications screened by the National Security Agency?
After spending millions of taxpayers' dollars planning a 'Moon City', why has the Moon not been visited by NASA since 1973?
Why are some of NASA's top photographic technicians employed to 'airbrush out' anomalies caught on film?
Why are astronauts and other NASA employees threatened with long jail sentences if they 'speak out' about what was really discovered out there in space?
Do you realise that no information, either photographic or otherwise, reaches the public domain until it has been thoroughly scrutinised and sanitized by the US intelligence community, and has been in effect since the space program began?.
Did you know that the main debates before the 'official' moon landings were regarding mining and mineral rights? Bearing in mind that the rich resources of titanium, aluminium, uranium, helium 3, and god knows what else, were found on the Moon. Do you really think that the US would have then told the rest of the world to come on up and take a share? Buzz Aldrin has said in his book, 'Men From Earth' 'Another exciting energy resource on the moon is... an ample supply of the isotope Helium-3 (HE-3), which is very rare on Earth but has been deposited on the -
必须知道的社会生活中十二大著名法则(转载)
2007-10-10 09:03:57
1 马太效应
《新约马太福音》中有这样一个故事，一个国王远行前，交给3个仆人每人一锭银子，吩咐他们：“你们去做生意 ，等我回来时，再来见我。”国王回来时，第一个仆人说：“主人，你交给我们的一锭银子，我已赚了10锭。”于是国王奖励他10座城邑。第二个仆人报告说：“主人，你给我的一锭银子，我已赚了5锭。”于是国王例奖励了他5座城邑。第三个仆人报告说：“主人，你给我的一锭银子，我一直包在手巾里存著，我怕丢失，一直没有拿出来。”于是国王命令将第三个仆人的一锭银子也赏给第一个仆人，并且说：“凡是少的，就连他所有的也要夺过来。凡是多的，还要给他，叫他多多益善。”这就是马太效应。看看我们周围，就可以发现许多马太效应的例子。朋友多的人会借助频繁的交往得到更多的朋友；缺少朋友的人会一直孤独下去。金钱方面更是如此，即使投资回报率相同，一个比别人投资多10倍的人，收益也多10倍。
这是个赢家通吃的社会，善用马太效应，赢家就是你。
对企业经营发展而言，马太效应则告诉我们，要想在某一个领域保持优势，就必须在此领域迅速做大。当你成为某个领域的领头羊的时候，即使投资回报率相同，你也能更轻易的获得比弱小的同行更大的收益。而若没有实力迅速在某个领域做大，就要不停地寻找新的发展领域，才能保证获得较好的回报。
2 手表定理
手表定理是指一个人有一只表时，可以知道现在是几点钟，而当他同时拥有两只表时却无法确定。两只表并不能告诉一个人更准确的时间，反而会让看表的人失去对准确时间的信心。你要做的就是选择其中较信赖的一只，尽力校准它，并以此作为你的标准，听从它的指引行事。记住尼采的话：“兄弟，如果你是幸运的，你只需有一种道德而不要贪多，这样，你过桥更容易些。”
如果每个人都“选择你所爱，爱你所选择”，无论成败都可以心安理得。然而，困扰很多人的是：他们被“两只表”弄得无所，心身交瘁，不知自己该信仰哪一个，还有人在环境、他人的压力下，违心选择了自己并不喜欢的道路，为此而郁郁终生，即使取得了受人瞩目的成就，也体会不到成功的快乐。
手表定理在企业经营管理方面给我们一种非常直观的启发，就是对同一个人或同一个组织的管理不能同时采用两种不同的方法，不能同时设置两个不同的目标。甚至每一个人不能由两个人来同时指挥，否则将使这个企业或这个人无所适从。手表定理所指的另一层含义在于每个人都不能同时挑选两种不同的价值观，否则，你的行为将陷于混乱。
3 不值得定律
不值得定律最直观的表述是：不值得做的事情，就不值得做好，这个定律似乎再简单不过了，但它的重要性却时时被人们疏忘。不值得定律反映出人们的一种心理，一个人如果从事的是一份自认为不值得做的事情，往往会保持冷嘲热讽，敷衍了事的态度。不仅成功率小，而且即使成功，也不会觉得有多大的成就感。
哪些事值得做呢？一般而言，这取决于三个因素。
1、价值观。只有符合我们价值观的事，我们才会满怀热情去做。
2、个性和气质。一个人如果做一份与他的个性气质完全背离的工作，他是很难做好的，如一个好交往的人成了档案员，或一个害羞者不得不每天和不同的人打交道。
3、现实的处境。同样一份工作，在不同的处境下去做，给我们的感受也是不同的。例如，在一家大公司，如果你最初做的是打杂跑腿的工作，你很可能认为是不值得的，可是，一旦你被提升为领班或部门经理，你就不会这样认为了。
总结一下，值得做的工作是：符合我们的价值观，适合我们的个性与气质，并能让我们看到期望。如果你的工作不具备这三个因素，你就要考虑换一个更合适的工作，并努力做好它。
因此，对个人来说，应在多种可供选择的奋斗目标及价值观中挑选一种，然后为之而奋斗。“选择你所爱的，爱你所选择的”，才可能激发我们的奋斗毅力，也才可以心安理得。而对一个企业或组织来说，则要很好地分析员工的性格特性，合理分配工作，如让成就欲较强的职工单独或牵头来完成具有一定风险和难度的工作，并在其完成时给予定时的肯定和赞扬；让依附欲较强的职工更多地参加到某个团体中共同工作；让权力欲较强的职工担任一个与之能力相适应的主管。同时要加强员工对企业目标的认同感，让员工感觉到自己所做的工作是值得的，这样才能激发职工的热情。
4 彼得原理
彼得原理是美国学者劳伦斯·彼得在对组织中人员晋升的相关现象研究后得出的一个结论；在各种组织中，由于习惯于对在某个等级上称职的人员进行晋升提拔，因而雇员总是趋向于晋升到其不称职的地位。彼得原理有时也被称为“向上爬”原理。这种现象在现实生活中无处不在：一名称职的教授被提升为大学校长后无法胜任；一个优秀的运动员被提升为主管体育的官员，而无所作为。
对一个组织而言，一旦组织中的相当部分人员被推到了其不称职的级别，就会造成组织的人浮于事，效率低下，导致平庸者出人头地，发展停滞。因此，这就要求改变单纯的“根据贡献决定晋升”的企业员工晋升机制，不能因某个人在某一个岗位级别上干得很出色，就推断此人一定能够胜任更高一级的职务。要建立科学、合理的人员选聘机制，客观评价每一位职工的能力和水平，将职工安排到其可以胜任的岗位。不要把岗位晋升当成对职工的主要奖励方式，应建立更有效的奖励机制，更多地以加薪、休假等方式作为奖励手段。有时将一名职工晋升到一个其无法很好发挥才能的岗位，不仅不是对职工的奖励，反而使职工无法很好发挥才能，也给企业带来损失。
对个人而言，虽然我们每个人都期待著不停地升职，但不要将往上爬作为自己的惟一动力。与其在一个无法完全胜任的岗位勉力支撑、无所适从，还不如找一个自己能游刃有余的岗位好好发挥自己的专长。
5 零和游戏原理
当你看到两位对弈者时，你就可以说他们正在玩“零和游戏”。因为在大多数情况下，总会有一个赢，一个输，如果我们把获胜计算为得1分，而输棋为-1分，那么，这两人得分之和就是：1 (-1)=0。
这正是“零和游戏”的基本内容：游戏者有输有赢，一方所赢正是另一方所输，游戏的总成绩永远是零。零和游戏原理之所以广受关注，主要是因为人们发现在社会的方方面面都能发现与“零和游戏”类似的局面，胜利者的光荣后面往往隐藏著失败者的辛酸和苦涩。从个人到国家，从政治到经济，似乎无不验证了世界正是一个巨大的“零和游戏”场。这种理论认为，世界是一个封闭的系统，财富、资源、机遇都是有限的，个别人、个别地区和个别国家财富的增加必然意味著对其他人、其他地区和国家的掠夺，这是一个“邪恶进化论”式的弱肉强食的世界。
但20世纪人类在经历了两次世界大战，经济的高速增长、科技进步、全球化以及日益严重的环境污染之后，“零和游戏”观念正逐渐被“双赢”观念所取代。人们开始认识到“利己”不一定要建立在“损人”的基础上。通过有效合作，皆大欢喜的结局是可能出现的。但从“零和游戏”走向“双赢”，要求各方要有真诚合作的精神和勇气，在合作中不要耍小聪明，不要总想占别人的小便宜，要遵守游戏规则，否则“双赢”的局面就不可能出现，最终吃亏的还是自己。
6 华盛顿合作规律
华盛顿合作规律说的是：一个人敷衍了事，两个人互相推诿，三个人则永无成事之日。多少有点类似于我们“三个和尚”的故事。人与人的合作不是人力的简单相加，而是要复杂和微妙得多。在人与人的合作中，假定每个人的能力都为1，那么10个人的合作结果就有时比10大得多，有时甚至比1还要小。因为人不是静止的动物，而更像方向各异的能量，相推动时自然事半功倍，相互抵触时则一事无成。我们传统的管理理论中，对合作研究得并不多，最直观的反映就是，目前的大多数管理制度和行业都是致力于减少人力的无谓消耗，而非利用组织提高人的效能。换言之，不妨说管理的主要目的不是让每个人做到最好，而是避免内耗过多。21世纪将是一个合作的时代，值得庆幸的是，越来越多的人已经认识到真诚合作的重要性，正在努力学习合作。
邦尼人力定律：一个人一分钟可以挖一个洞，60个人一秒种却挖不了一个洞。
合作是一个问题，如何合作也是一个问题。
7 酒与污水定律
酒与污水定律是指，如果把一匙酒倒进一桶污水中，你得到的是一桶污水；如果把一匙污水倒进一桶酒中，你得到的还是一桶污水。几乎在任何组织里，都存在几个难弄的人物，他们存在的目的似乎就是为了把事情搞糟。他们到处搬弄是非，传播流言、破坏组织内部的和谐。最糟糕的是，他们像果箱里的烂苹果，如果你不及时处理，它会迅速传染，把果箱里其它苹果也弄烂，“烂苹果”的可怕之处在于它那惊人的破坏力。一个正直能干的人进入一个混乱的部门可能会被吞没，而一个人无德无才者能很快将一个高效的部门变成一盘散沙。组织系统往往是脆弱的，是建立在相互理解、妥协和容忍的基础上的，它很容易被侵害、被毒化。破坏者能力非凡的另一个重要原因在于，破坏总比建设容易。一个能工巧匠花费时日精心制作的陶瓷器，一头驴子一秒钟就能毁坏掉。如果拥有再多的能工巧匠，也不会有多少像样的工作成果。如果你的组织里有这样的一头驴子，你应该马上把它清除掉；如果你无力这样做，你就应该把它拴起来。
8 水桶定律
水桶定律是讲，一只水桶能装多少水，完全取决于它最短的那块木板。这就是说任何一个组织都可能面临的一个共同问题，即构成组织的各个部分往往决定了整个组织的水平。
构成组织的各个部分往往是优劣不齐的，而劣质部分往往又决定整个组织的水平。
“水桶定律”与“酒与污水定律”不同，后者讨论的是组织中的破坏力量，而“最短的木板”却是组织中有用的一个部分，只不过比其它部分差一些，你不能把它们当成烂苹果扔掉。强弱只是相对而言的，无法消除。问题在于你容忍这种弱点到什么程度。如果它严重到成为阻碍工作的瓶颈，就不得不有所动作。
如果你在一个组织中，你应该：
1、确保你不是最薄弱的部分；
2、避免或减少这一薄弱环节对你成功的影响；
3、如果不幸，你正处在这一环节中，你还可以采取有效的方法改进，或者转职去谋另一份工作。
9 蘑菇管理
蘑菇管理是许多组织对待初出茅庐者的一种管理方法，初学者被置于阴暗的角落(不受重视的部门，或打杂跑腿的工作)，浇上一头大粪(无端的批评、指责、代人受过)，任其自生自灭(得不到必要的指导和提携)。相信很多人都有这样一段“蘑菇”的经历，但这不一定是什么坏事，尤其是当一切都刚刚开始的时候，当上几天“蘑菇”，能够消除我们很多不切实际的幻想，让我们更加接近现实，看问题也更加实际，而对一个组织而言，一般地新进的人员都是一视同仁，从起薪到工作都不会有大的差别。无论你是多么优秀的人才，在刚开始的时候都只能从最简单的事情做起，“蘑菇”的经历对于成长中的年轻人来说，是羽化前必须经历的一步。所以，如何高效率地走过生命中的这一段，从中尽可能吸取经验，成熟起来，并树立良好的值得信赖的个人形象，是每个刚入社会的年轻人必须面对的课题。
10 奥卡姆剃刀定律
如果你认为只有焦头烂额、忙忙碌碌地工作才可能取得成功，那么，你错了。
事情总是朝著复杂的方向发展，复杂会造成浪费，而效能则来自于单纯。在你做过的事情中可能绝大部分是毫无意义的，真正有效的活动只是其中的一小部分，而它们通常隐含于繁杂的事物中。找到关键的部分，去掉多余的活动，成功并不那么复杂。
奥卡姆剃刀：如无必要，勿增实体。
12世纪，英国奥卡姆的威廉对无休无止的关于“共相”、“本质”之类的争吵感到厌倦，主张唯名论，只承认确实存在的东西，认为那些空洞无物的普遍性要领都是无用的累赘，应当被无情地“剃除”。他主张，“如无必要，勿增实体。”这就是常说的“奥卡姆剃刀”。这把剃刀曾使很多人感到威胁，被认为是异端邪说，威廉本人也受到伤害。然而，这并未损害这把刀的锋利，相反，经过数百年越来越快，并早已超越了原来狭窄的领域而具有广泛的、丰富的、深刻的意义。 查看(46) 评论(0) 收藏 分享 圈子 管理C8051F040中CAN控制器的应用(转贴)
2007-10-09 14:42:11
转贴自：http://www.eepw.com.cn/article/68631.htm
C8051F040中CAN控制器的应用
作者： 湖北工业大学 蔡华锋 廖冬初 潘 健 张 杰 陈小薇 时间： 2007-10-08 来源： 单片机及嵌入式系统应用 摘要：介绍C8051F040单片机内部CAN控制器的应用。详细叙述此控制器的构成及其访问方式，指出在使用时是如何配置控制器的相关控制寄存器，并且给出CAN控制器在应用中的物理层硬件电路和应用层软件设计。
关键词：CAN控制器 寄存器 报文对象 C8051F040
单片机与CAN总线连接的传统方式是将CPU与总线控制器和总线收发器相连后再接入总线网络，这样使CPU外围电路复杂化，整个系统受外部影响较大。为了解决这一问题，很多单片机厂商纷纷将CAN控制器集成在单片机芯片上。目前，单片机内部集成的CAN控制器有Motorola公司的MC68HC912DG128A、Philips公司的P87C591、Atmel公司的AT89C51CC01和AT89C51CC02、Intel公司的TN87C196CA和TN87C196CB以及Cygnal公司的C8051F040等。
不同单片机内部CAN控制器的使用方法有所不同，但存在着很多相似之处。这里以C8051F040为列详细介绍其内部CAN控制器的使用方法，希望通过这篇文章能给初学带来方便，并能和广大的单片机爱好者就这一问题做进一步的讨论。
1 C8051F040 CAN控制器构成及访问方式
C8051F040单片机是美国Cygnal公司生产的完全集成的混合信号系统级芯SoC(System on Chip)，具有与8051指令集完全兼容的CIP-51内核。它在一块芯片上集成了构成一个单片机数据采样或控制系统所需要的几乎所有模拟和数字外设及其它功能部件。它具有64KB Flash、4352B RAM、CAN控制器2.0、2个串行接口、5个16位定时器、12位A/D转换器、8位A/D转换器及12位D/A转换器等，它内部还带有JTAG接口，使调试变得非常方便。
C8051F040内部集成的CAN控制器为Bosch CAN控制器。此CAN控制器有以下几部分构成：CAN内核、报文RAM（与C8051 RAM相互独立）、报文处理状态机制和CAN控制寄存器。其结构框图如图1所示。
在CAN控制器里只有三个寄存器可通过CIP-51中的特殊功能寄存器直接访问，其它的寄存器只能通过CAN0ADR、CAN0DATH和CAN0DATL寄存器以地址索引的方式间接访问。在使用CAN控制器时，重点和难点是对CAN控制器的寄存器的使用，其内部寄存器的分类及其主要功能如下：
（1）CAN控制器协议寄存器
该协议寄存器是用来配置CAN控制器，处理各种中断，监控总线状态以及置控制器为测试模式。CAN控制器协议寄存器可使用C8051 MCU特殊功能寄存器通过索引方式间接访问，其中有些还可以很方便的通过C8051内部特殊功能寄存器直接寻址来访问。这部分的寄存器有：CAN控制寄存器（CAN0CN）、CAN状态寄存器（CAN0STA）、CAN测试寄存器（CANTST）、错误计数寄存器、位定时寄存器和波特率预比列因子扩展寄存器。其中，CAN0CN、CAN0STA和CANTST可通过C8051 MCU特殊功能寄存器直接访问，其它的只能通过间接访问。
（2）报文对象接口寄存器
CAN控制器中有两组报文对象接口寄存器，它们用来配置报文RAM中32个报文对象是用来向CAN总线发送数据，还是从CAN总线接收数据。当其中的一组被设置为向报文RAM中写数据，另一组则从报文RAM中读取数据。利用此接口寄存器可以避免CPU访问报文RAM与CAN报文接收和发送缓冲转移之间的冲突。所有的报文对象都存储在报文RAM里面，通过报文对象寄存器对其进行访问和配置，这些寄存器要通过C8051的CAN0ADR和CAN0DAT寄存器，使用间接索引地址方式来访问。这部分寄存器有：IFX命令请求寄存器、IFX命令屏蔽寄存器、IFX屏蔽寄存器1、IFX屏蔽寄存器2、IFX仲裁寄存器1、IFX仲裁寄存器2、IFX报文控制寄存器、IFX数据寄存器A1、IFX数据寄存器A2、IFX数据寄存器B1和IFX数据寄存器B2。
（3）报文处理寄存器
所有的报文处理寄存器都是只读寄存器。通过读取它们的值可以实时地判断相应报文对象的状态，从而使CAN控制器能正确运行。它们的标识位由CAN0ADR、CAN0DATH和CAN0DATL通过索引方式间接来访问。报文处理寄存器提供中断、错误、发送/接收请求和新数据信息。这部分的寄存器包括：中断寄存器、发送请求寄存器、新数据寄存器、中断队列寄存器和报文有效寄存器。
那么，通过CAN0ADR、CAN0DATH和CAN0DATL寄存器以索引方式间接访问CAN控制器中寄存器的过程会怎样呢？因为每个CAN控制器寄存器都有一个索引号，如果要访问某一CAN控制寄存器，只需将此寄存器的索引号写入CAN0ADR寄存器，而数据读/写操作通过CAN0DATH和CAN0DATL来完成。例如：如果需要对位定时寄存器重新配置时，只需向CAN0ADR寄存器中写入0X03，将新配置的数据的低字节写入CAN0DATL中，高字节写入CAN0DATH中。
2 CAN控制器应用时寄存器配置
下面就CAN控制器在应用时，根据所要完成功能的不同而需要做的不同配置做具体描述。这包括报文对象初始化处理、发送对象配置、接收对象配置、中断处理配置；另外，还有发送对象的更新、位定时寄存器等配置。
2.1 报文对象初始化处理
报文RAM中的报文对象（除MsgVal、NewDat、IntPnd和TxRqst）配置不受芯片复位的影响。所有的报文对象在使用前必须由CPU来初始化为零或者被设置为无效。报文对象的配置是通过相应的接口寄存器来设置其屏蔽码、仲裁场、控制场和数据场值，而这一设置过程由相应的IFX命令请求寄存器来完成。
当CAN控制寄存器中的Init位置零，CAN内核中的CAN协议控制器状态机制和报文处理状态机制将控制C_CAN的内部数据流。接收到的报文通过接收滤波后都存放在报文RAM中，而得到传输请求的报文都要移入CAN内核的移位寄存器中并通过CAN总线传出。
2.2 发送对象的配置
当报文对象作为发送对象时，仲裁寄存器（ID28-0和Xtd位）将被应用，它们定义了即将发送的报文识别符和类型，如果使用11位识别符（标准帧），那么使用的是ID28～ID18，而ID17～ID0将被忽视。如果TxIE位被置位，则IntPnd位在此报文对象被成功发送后被置位；如果RmtEn位被置位，在接收到匹配的远程帧将引起TxRqst位被置位。若数据寄存器（DLC3-0，Data0-7）将被使用，TxRqst和RmtEn在数据有效前不会被置位。屏蔽寄存器（Msk28-0、Umask、Mxtd和MDir位）可以用来（UMask=‘1’）允许相同识别符的数据帧组被接收。
2.4 中断处理
在所有中断中，状态中断具有最高优先级，报文对象的中断优先级随着报文编号的增大而减小。如果有几个中断产生，那么CAN中断寄存器将指向优先级最高的中断，而不是按中断先后顺序排列。
状态中断通过读取状态寄存器来清除，报文中断通过清除报文对象的IntPnd位来清除。处于中断寄存器中的中断识别符Intld能表明中断的原因，如果这个寄存器的值为0，没有中断产生；否则，有中断发生。
CPU控制着状态寄存器的改变是否可以引起中断（CAN控制寄存器中的EIE和SIE位）；当中断寄存器的值不为0（CAN控制寄存器中的IE位）时中断队列是否有效。CPU有两种方式判断报文中断源，每一种是判断中断寄存器中的Intld位；另一种是顺序扫描中断发生寄存器。
3 CAN控制器的应用
CAN总线一般用在工业检测和控制现场，它将各功能模块连接在一起组成一个现场级通信网络。在本应用中，CAN总线完成下位机各部分之间的通信以及各下位机与上位机之间的通信。下位机以单片机C8051F040为核心，上位机由PC机构成。下位机的CAN通信物理层的电路在下面将做详细说明，为了完成上位机与下位机的通信，需要外加一块PC-CAN通信卡。
3.1 CAN控制器外围硬件电路实现
由于Cygnal内部的CAN控制器只是个协议控制器，不能提供物理层驱动，所以在使用时还需外加CAN总线收发器，常用的CAN总线收发器有Philips公司的PCA82C250收发器、高速TJA1050收发器等。这里使用的是PCA82C250收发器、高速TJA1050收发器等。这里使用的是PCA82C250收发器，它可提高总线的差动发送和接收能力。它与ISO11898标准完全兼容，有三种不同的工作方式，即高速、斜率控制和待机，可根据实际情况选择。此通信物理层电路图如图2所示。
为了进一步提高系统的抗干扰能力，在CAN控制器引脚CANTX、CANRX和收发器PCA82C250之间并不是直接相连，而是通过由高速光耦6N137构成的隔离电路后再与PCA82C250相连，这样就可以很好的实现总线上各节点的电气隔离。这部分增加了节点的复杂性，但它却提高了节点的稳定性和安全性。
在PCA80C250与CAN总线接口部分也采用了一些安全和抗干扰措施。PCA82C250的CANH和CANL引脚各自通过一个5Ω的电阻与CAN总线相连，电阻可起到一定的限流作用，从而保护PCA82C250免受过流的冲击。在CANH和CANL与地之间各自接一个30pF的小电容，可以起到滤除总线上的高频干扰和防电磁辐射的能力。另外，在CANH和CANL之间并联一个15V的瞬态电压抑制二极管（TVS），可以保护PCA80C250在瞬间高电压情况下而不受损坏。PCA82C250的RS脚上接有一个下拉电阻，电阻的大小可根据总线速率适当的调整，其值一般在16kΩ～140kΩ之间，图2中选用47kΩ。
C8051F040供电电源为2.7V～3.6V,其所有I/O口允许5V（极限值为5.8V）输入，但是I/O输出电平为VDD。而PCA82C250为5V系统，为了能够驱动其工作，在CANTX引脚上拉一上拉电阻，其值为4.7kΩ。
3.2 CAN通信软件实现
此下位机CAN通信部分主要完成的任务是：将现场检测到的数据传送给上位机或其它的下位机节点；同时，上位机可以对下位机的相关参考进行设置，即下位机还须接收一定量的数据。
由上可知，此节点的CAN通信主要包括系统初始化程序、发送程序、接收程序等。软件部分设计的好坏将直接决定系统能否正常工作，对于初次接触CAN总线系统的设计人员来说是一个难点，也是一个重点。在本例中，系统软件采用结构化程序设计方案，使其具有较好的模块性和可移植性，对于不同的系统功能或不同的应用环境，可以方便地进行编程重组。
3．2．1 系统初始化初始化
初始化程序主要完成对所有的报文对象进行初始化（一般将所有值置零），对CAN控制寄存器（CAN0CN）、位定时寄存器（BITREG）进行设置，还要对发送报文对象和接收报文对象分别进行初始化。其中，位定时寄存器的设置较为复杂，这里我们使用外部晶振为8MHz，CAN通信速率为500k/s，得到BITREG的初始值为0x2301。主程序中规定对象初始化、发送和接收初始化，最后才启动CAN处理机制（对BITREG和CAN0CN初始化），下面为CAN启动程序：
void start_CAN(void){
SFPRAGE=CAN0_PAGE;/*指向CAN0页面*/
CAN0CN|=0x41; /*将CCE和Init置“1”开始初始化*/
CAN0ADR=BITREG；/*指向位定时寄存器进行配置*/
CAN0DAT=0x2301; /*位率为500k/s*/
CAN0CN|=0x06;/*允许全局中断，IE和SIE置位*/
CAN0CN &=～0x41; /*清楚CCE和INIT位，启动CAN状态机制*/
}
3.2.2 发送程序
CAN报文发送是由CAN控制器自动完成的，用户只需根据接收到的远程帧的识别符，将对应的数据转移到发送缓冲寄存器，然后将此报文对象的编码写入命令请求寄存器启动发送即可，而发送由硬件来完成。这里，我们使用定时更新发送报文对象中的数据，数据的发送有控制器自动完成，当其收到一个远程帧时，就将具有相同识别符的数据帧发送出去。其发送程序结构如下：
Void transmit_message(char MsgNum){
SFRPAGE=CAN0_PAGE;/*指向CAN0页面*/
CAN0ADR=IF1CMDMSK；/*向IF1命令屏蔽寄存器写入命令*/
CAN0DAT=0X0083；
CAN0ADR=IF1ARB2；/*指向IF1仲裁寄存器2*/
CAN0DATH|=0x80;
CAN0ADR=IF1DATA1;/*指向数据场的第一个字节*/
for(i=0;i<4;i++){
CAN0DAT=can_temp[i];/*将4字节数据写入发送缓冲器*/
}
CAN0ADR=IF1CMDRQST；
CAN0DATL=MsgNum;/*将报文对象编号写入，则数据发送到对应的报文对象中*/
}
3.2.3 接收程序
CAN报文的接收与发送一样，是由CAN控制器自动完成的，接收程序只需从接收缓存器中读取接收的数据，再进行相应的处理即可。其基本方法与发送程序一致，只是接收程序采用中断方式。在此应用中，接收程序主要接收上位机对下位机的参数设置数据，只有当修改时才需要接收数据，所以采用中断方式处理比较合适。接收程序结构如下：
void receive_data(void){
SFRPAGE=CAN0_PAGE;/*指向CAN0页面*/
CAN0ADR=IF1CMDMSK；/*向IF1命令屏蔽寄存器写入命令*/
CAN0DAT=0X0083；
CAN0ADR=IF1ARB2；/*指向IF1仲裁寄存器2*/
CAN0DATH|=0x80;
CAN0ADR=IF1DATA1;/*指向数据场的第一个字节*/
for(i=0;i<4;i++){
CAN0DAT=can_temp[i];/*将4字节数据写入发送缓冲器*/
}
CAN0ADR=IF1CMDRQST；
CAN0DATL=MsgNum;/*将报文对象编号写入，则数据发送到对应的报文对象中*/
}
3.2.3 接收程序
CAN报文的接收与发送一样，是由CAN控制器自动完成的，接收程序只需从接收缓存器中读取接收的数据，再进行相应的处理即可。其基本方法与发送程序一致，只是接收程序采用中断方式。在此应用中，接收程序主要接收上位机对下位机的参数设置数据，只有当修改时才需要接收数据，所以采用中断方式处理比较合适。接收程序结构如下：
Void receive_data(void){
SFPRAGE=CAN0_PAGE;/*指向CAN0页面*/
CAN0ADR=IF2CMDMSK；/*向IF2命令屏蔽寄存器写命令*/
CAN0DAT=0x003F;
CAN0ADR=IF2CMDRQST;/*将报文对象编号写入命令请求寄存器，对应地接收*/
CAN0DATL=MsgNum;/*得到数据就从报文RAM中移到数据缓冲器中*/
CAN0ADR=IF2DATA1；/*指向数据场的第一个字节*/
for(i=0;i<4;i++){ /*读取4个字节数据*/
CAN_RX[i]=CAN0DAT;
}
结语
本文是笔者在实际应用中得到的一点应用经验，期望对使用C8051F040中CAN控制器以及研究CAN总线的同行提供一些借鉴和帮助。文中的CAN控制器物理层电路完全能够使用，而且抗干扰能力较强。CAN总线以其稳定的特性、低廉的价格将会被更多用户所使用，而集成于微控制器内部的CAN控制器更是在设计过程中的首选。
有关CAN通信部分源程序见网站www.dpj.com.cn。
器件功能列表集锦(不断增加收录)
2007-10-08 09:55:28
cpuview图形化单片机编程系统最新版可以支持到ARM等任意CPU
2007-10-07 09:53:08
[转]10种软件滤波方法的示例程序
2007-09-12 09:51:30
电机测速原理[转贴]
2007-09-07 18:33:00
最珍贵的是拥有的，而不是失去的和得不到的！（转贴禅学）
2007-07-09 11:59:24
瓶颈一词的来由？并问一个禅学故事寓意[转贴]
2007-07-09 11:55:41
[论坛] 大家好！cpuview新增可扩展功能，用户可以自定义控件库及新增模块注释！2007-07-02
2007-07-02 13:34:36
大家好，感谢大家一直以来的厚爱和支持，购买和了解的朋友越来越多，现在CPUVIEW新增了自定义控件库的功能及函数注释，及控件厂商广告/资料网页显示(仅专业版提供)，用户可以利用我们提供的面板，简单地把数据输入，直接拷贝到用户的控件库目录里面，CPUVIEW就可以自动将该控件库收录进去库里面，像使用标准库一样的方便！从这种意义上说，每一种外围芯片，只要简单地制作一个库，就可以被CPUVIEW所支持了，CPUVIEW功能可以实现极容易的扩展！并且我们有打算将编译器改成可扩展的功能，这样的话就就将可以支持到ARM等芯片（这是我们后一步的目标）！现在这个新版本正在测试中，暂时做了几个控件库在使用，均没有发现问题，当测试稳定后将推出几个版本：
1，专业版（针对芯片厂商，价格估计在1万元人民币左右含赠送一学习套件--暂定，不含税，会提供广告服务一年，30次免费重大软件升级服务，用户的库可以随以后发布的CPUVIEW一并发布；并且用户自定义的每一个控件均有广告/资料显示链接，在用户使用的时候将非常方便地看到或点击该厂商的资料/广告，非常有利于厂商的产品宣传或资料提供；）
2，标准企业版（针对普通企业，价格在1500-2000元左右含赠送一学习套件--暂定，不含税，不提供广告服务，提供10次免费重大软件升级，用户库除非为非常好用的，不然将不提供随CPUVIEW发布；）
3，个人版（针对个人或小型企业，价格在400元左右含赠送一学习套件--暂定，不含税，不提供广告服务，不提供免费升级服务，用户库除非为非常好用，不然将不提供随CPUVIEW发布服务；）
新功能部分截屏(近期可能会有新更改之处，以实物为准)：
cpuview专题介绍贴：
http://www.cpubbs.com/forum/view ... &extra=page%3D1
购买联系我们：
http://www.cpubbs.com/market/about.asp?action=buy
控件编辑和定义面板：
生成的控件列表：
双击或新建控件时弹出配置面板：
CPUVIEW主面板：
CPUVIEW标准控件面板：
[ 本帖最后由 cpubbs 于 2007-7-2 13:34 编辑 ]
cpuview_编辑面板.JPG
用户自定义控件面板.JPG
自定义的控件弹出配置面板.JPG
主面板.JPG
控件面板.JPG转贴关于三极管的教学的内容[转贴]
2007-06-30 17:50:33
慢性鼻窦炎 （转贴）
2007-06-26 11:13:11
1N系列稳压二极管参数(转贴)
2007-06-02 20:38:14
李嘉诚激励员工的一首诗~~~(转贴)
2007-05-14 16:44:09
[%repeat_0 match="/data/option"%]
[%=@count%]票 [[%=@percent%]％]
当你们梦想伟大成功的时候，
你有没有刻苦的准备？
当你们有野心做领袖的时候，
你有没有服务于人的谦恭？
我们常常都想有所获得，
但我们有没有付出的情操？
我们都希望别人听到自己的说话，
我们有没有耐性聆听别人？
每一个人都希望自己快乐，
我们对失落、悲伤的人有没有怜悯？每一个人都希望站在人前，
但我们是否知道什么时候甘为人后？
你们都知道自己追求什么，
你们知道自己需要什么吗？
我们常常只希望改变别人，
我们知道什么时候改变自己吗？
每一个人都懂得批判别人，
但不是每一个人都知道怎样自我反省。
大家都看重面子，
but do you know honor？
大家都希望拥有财富，
但你知道财富的意义吗？ 各位同学，相信你们都有各种激情，
但你知不知道什么是爱？
每一位员工都是优秀的，只要他得到正确的培训；
每一位员工都会对工作付出、负责、用心的，只要他得到正确的理念。
每位员工的薪水都取决于他为企业创造的价值。
只有为企业创造的价值越多，他的薪水才会越高。
提高价值，一是技能，二是态度
第一：对待工作的四种心态
1，付出
那些总想着让自己能挣到钱的人，为什么一生只在平庸中度过？而总想着通过
自己的工作为企业创造价值的人，却取得了了不起的成绩！一个人只有为企业为他
人、为社会做出奉献，他才会是富有的、富足的。为什么不乐意付出？
①认为付出的多，得到的少。
②自作聪明，怕吃亏上当
③老板不重视
如何付出
我为什么要付出？对得起这份薪水不就可以了吗？
每个人都是在为自己的未来与梦想而工作，为了自己的将来是成功的、幸福的
，那么现在的你就应该是努力的、付出的。
①积极主动 被动做工作不是付出
②让你成为付出人的一句名言
不要问企业能为你做什么，而要问你能为企业做什么。 ③向施瓦伯学习
我不光是在为老板打工，更不单纯为了赚钱，我是在为自己的梦想打工，为自
己的远大前途打工。我们只能在业绩中提升自己。我要使自己工作所产生的价值，
远远超过所得的薪水，只有这样我才能得到重用，才能获得机遇！付出就不要抱怨
——解决抱怨的三个心态
①不要祈求工作的完美
②不要祈求绝对的公平
③唯一能改变的只有你自己
2，负责
尊重自己的选择大家选择这家企业是你的主动选择，既然选择了这份工作就要
为这份工作的全部负责，不仅获得薪水，同时还有压力。“不要问喜欢不喜欢，而
要问应该不应该”
明确自己的职责
不要归罪于外事情做的不好，只能是自己的责任，而不要找外在的原因与借口
。 培养责任意识的一种有效工具---QBQ
QBQ－－问题背后的问题，将会帮助员工找到真正的责任问题所在。
3，卓越
为什么要追求卓越？
因为，取法乎上，得乎其中，取法乎中，得乎其下。
怎样做到最好？
①脚踏实地，把小事与细节做好
鲍威尔我尽量让自己成为最好的军人，而其余的事自然水到渠成。
②用心
事情没有做好，只是因为没有用心。
用心就要学会思考，请问你有多长时间没有静下心来思考过了？4，学习
为什么还要学习？
学历高，就代表你将来取得的人生成绩就大吗？所以，只有继续学习，能承认
你价值的只有一点，那就是你为企业创造了多少价值。
如何学习？
第二：对待老板的四种心态
序：每个人都可以把老板看作是自己的顾客，他只是
按照我们为其创造的价值多少在支付我们薪水，所以
对待顾客（我们应该把身边的每一个人都看作是自己的
顾客）我们应该拥有以下四种心态。
1，服务的心态
2，推销的意识
3，赢得信任
4，感恩的心摆脱DLL“地狱”的困扰之获取进程的命令行[转贴]
2007-04-23 12:11:14
用VC开发IE浏览器插件：IE Toolbar[转贴]
2007-04-23 12:09:51
原贴地址如下：来源： 作者： 2006-09-15 出处：PCDOG.COM
关键字：
如果你下载了Internet Explorer Toolbar (Deskband) Tutorial的源代码后编译不通过，也不用奇怪，我就是耽搁在这些地方。先说说都有哪些编译问题。
1．编译的问题
如果遇到下面的问题，就说明commctrl.h的版本低。我们完全可以不用TBSTYLE_EX_MIXEDBUTTONS，用TBSTYLE_EX_DRAWDDARROWS就行。另外的三个删掉，换成
TBSTYLE_BUTTON TBSTYLE_AUTOSIZE，这个问题就解决了。
error C2065: 'TBSTYLE_EX_MIXEDBUTTONS' : undeclared identifier
error C2065: 'BTNS_BUTTON' : undeclared identifier
error C2065: 'BTNS_AUTOSIZE' : undeclared identifier
error C2065: 'BTNS_SHOWTEXT' : undeclared identifier
如果遇到下面问题，把工程文件（dsp）里面的/D _ATL_MIN_CRT删掉。
Linking...
Creating library ReleaseUMinDependency/MotleyFool.lib and object ReleaseUMinDependency/MotleyFool.exp
LIBCMT.lib(crt0.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol _main
ReleaseUMinDependency/MotleyFool.dll : fatal error LNK1120: 1 unresolved externals
Error executing link.exe.
MotleyFool.dll - 2 error(s), 0 warning(s)
如果你自己重新编写一个新的项目实现IE Toolbar的话，注意一下2个地方。
1．注意CMFToolbar的消息映射顺序。CHAIN_MSG_MAP_MEMBER一定要在WM_CREATE的前面。
BEGIN_MSG_MAP(CToolbarWnd)
CHAIN_MSG_MAP_MEMBER(m_EditWnd)
MESSAGE_HANDLER(WM_CREATE, OnCreate)
…
END_MSG_MAP()
2．注意CReflectionWnd的消息映射顺序。WM_CREATE一定要在CHAIN_MSG_MAP_MEMBER的前面。
BEGIN_MSG_MAP(CReflectWnd)
MESSAGE_HANDLER(WM_CREATE, OnCreate)
CHAIN_MSG_MAP_MEMBER(m_ToolbarWnd)
END_MSG_MAP()
2．Google Search Toolbar
http://www.codeproject.com/atl/ietoolbartutorial.asp有非常详细的开发步骤，在这里就不重复了。本节的目的是实现Google Search功能。创建ColimasBar工程，
创建CColimasBar类，IE Plugin接口，继承
public CComObjectRootEx,
public CComCoClass
public IDeskBand,
public IInputObject,
public IObjectWithSite,
public IDispatchImpl
创建CEditWnd类，输入栏控件，继承
public CWindowImpl
创建CReflectWnd类，消息传递空间，继承
public CWindowImpl
创建CToolbarWnd类，Toolbar控件，继承
public CWindowImpl
修改Toolbar的Title：
const WCHAR TITLE_CColimasBar[] = L"Google";
修改Button的Title：
TCHAR* pCaption = _T("Search!");
增加Button点击事件的Google Search处理函数GetValue
void CToolbarWnd::GetValue()
{
// if we have a web browser pointer then try to navigate to google site to retrieve search
if (m_pBrowser)
{
VARIANT vEmpty;
VariantInit(&vEmpty);
m_pBrowser->Stop();
_bstr_t bsSite;
// if the user has entered url then append them to the edit
if (m_EditWnd.GetWindowTextLength())
{
WCHAR *bstr = NULL;
m_EditWnd.GetWindowText(&bstr);
UINT i= WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8,0,bstr,-1,NULL,0,NULL,NULL); //双字节转换
char *strB=new char[i];
WideCharToMultiByte (CP_UTF8,0,bstr,-1,strB,i,NULL,NULL); //转换为ASCII
UINT len=i;
char* tmp=new char[len*3];
tmp[0]='\0';
for(i=0;i
byte j= (unsigned char)strB[i]; sprintf(tmp,"%s%%%x",tmp,j); //转换为16进制。
}
bsSite = L"http://www.google.com/search?hl=zh-CNq=";
//Google Search字符串
bsSite += tmp;
bsSite += "rls=com.microsoft:en-USie=utf8oe=utf8";
SysFreeString(bstr);
delete[] strB;
}
else
bsSite = "http://www.google.com/";
// have the webrowser navigate to the site URL requested depending on user input.
m_pBrowser->Navigate(bsSite, &vEmpty, &vEmpty, &vEmpty, &vEmpty);
}
}
本文涉及到的所有知识请参照http://www.codeproject.com/atl/ietoolbartutorial.asp过压、欠压保护插座[转贴]
2007-04-12 11:09:20
过压、欠压保护插座
原贴地址如下：http://yaohome.diy.myrice.com/index1/p2.htm
这里介绍一个家用电器保护插座，当市电电压超过220V或低于170V时，它会自动切断电源停止对外供电，保护家用电器免遭电源电压突变而损坏。
电路原理：
过压、欠压保护插座电路好下图：
电路由电源取样、控制两部分组成。电源控制电路由或非门A-C组成，或非门的逻辑关系是：当输入端全部为“0”时，输出才为“1”；输入端任何一端有“1”输入时，输出即为“0”。此关系可简化为“见1出0，全0为1”。掌握了这个逻辑关系就能分析或非门电路了。 输入交流电经变压器T降压，二极管VD1-VD4桥式整流，电容C1滤波变成较平滑的直流电，供给整机使用。但C1两端电压是未经稳压的，其电压高低将随电源电压波动而波动，R1、RP1和C2组成欠压取样电路，R2、RP2和C3组成过压取样电路，R3、VD5和C4组成稳压电路，输出12V稳定电压供集成块和三极管VT用电。当电源电压低于170V时，RP1输出取样电压较低，使或非门A输入端8、9脚为低电平“0”，故输出端10脚为“1”，或非门B输出端4脚为“0”，或非门C输出端3脚为“1”，VT饱和导通，继电器K得电吸合，它控制的常闭接点K打开，插座X就停止对外送电，从而起到了压保护作用。如果市电电压超过240V，则RP2取样电压较高，使或非门B一个输入端即6脚为高电平“1”，所以输出端4脚为“0”，或非门C输出端3脚也就输出高电平“1”，VT饱和导通，K吸合其常闭接点打开，插座X也停止对外送电，实现了过压保护。发光二极管LED为保护指示灯，当继电器K吸合时，它随之通电发光，表示此时电源电压已超出正常范围，插座X处于保护状态停止对外送电。
元器件选择：
或非门A-C可用一块2输入端四或非门CD4001集成电路，它内部集成了4个2输入端或非门，电路采用14脚双列直插式塑封包装。电路中另一个不用的或非门的两输入端都接电源正极或电源负极，不得悬空，否则易受外电场干扰造成逻辑电平混乱。VT用9013、9014等硅NPN三极管，β≥100。VD1-VD4用1N4001型硅整流二极管，VD5用12V、1/2W稳压二极管，如2CW19等。VD6可用1N4148型硅开关二极。LED用普通红色发光二极管。RP1、RP2最好采用WSW型有机实芯微调可变电阻器，R1-R4用RTX-1/8W型碳膜电阻器。电容均可采用CD11-25V型电解电容器。T用220V/15-18V、5VA市售小型电源变压器。K用JZC-22F-12V、5A小型中功率电磁继电器，它有一组转换接点，体积小巧可以直接插焊在印制电路板上。
制作与使用：
下图是过压、欠压保护电源插座的印电路制板图：
印制板尺寸为80mm*40mm。除变压器和插座外，其余元器件都装焊在印制板上。 调试方法：首先将RP1旋到阻值电大位置，RP2旋到阻值最小位置。准备一个调压变压器，输出接本机电源，在X里接一个台灯，闭合台灯电源开关。将调压变压器调到170V，用小起子细调RP1使继电器K刚好吸合，这时台灯熄灭，而发光管点亮。再将调压变压器调到240V，调RP2也使K刚好吸合，台灯熄灭，LED点亮。此时过压和欠压都已调好，将整个装置装入准备好的机盒里即可投入使用。
标题搜索
我的存档
数据统计
- 访问量: 33687572
- 日志数: 168
- 图片数: 6
- 影音数: 5
- 商品数: 4
- 文件数: 105
- 建立时间: 2006-11-02
- 更新时间: 2016-04-08
